First Part
Q 1) In study of society, what sort of safeguards one should maintain ?
Ans - Social reality is many sided, guard against degeneration into propaganda and one must
put forth ones views honestly without any prejudice. One should always speak and stand for
the marginalized , deprived and the downtrodden people in society.
Q 2 ) What has been the common theme underlying various meanings of Society?
Ans - The common theme is try to be tolerant towards different groups in society , thus
maintaining harmony. Not to indulge in fomenting trouble by spreading hate.
Q 3) Discuss in brief the factors which helped in the introduction of capitalist economy in
Europe.
Ans - With the growth of trade and manufacture idle money available with feudal lords and
privileged class was reinvested in business, trade and industry augmenting its growth. This
was a transition from feudal economy to a capitalist economy in which wealth, generally in
the form of money, could be used to make a profit. With mechanized agricultural
implements lead to fewer jobs in agriculture sector and increase money supply further
fuelled movement of labor from villages to towns for want of work an ideal condition for
capitalist economy , availability of workers thus met. With money availability large industrial
complexes were constructed to produce goods in large numbers.
Q 4) Write in about five lines what you understand by 'humanism’
Ans - Humanism refers to a broad term with many dimensions. The humanist believes in his
creative potential. He doesn’t not reject earthly joys, recognized the beauty and dignity of
the human body, opposed religious fanaticism , and defended man's right to pleasure and
satisfaction of earthly desires and requirements. He seek joy on this earth rather than, an
after-life which the church advocated.
Q 5) Write in about 100 words the impact of humanism on literature , art and architecture
during the Renaissance.
Ans - literature - The most significant impact of humanism on literature was the use of
vernacular languages, or the languages spoken by the people of a region or country like
Italian, Spanish, French, German, English, etc. instead of Latin .The language of scholarship
and literature for centuries had been Latin which only the educated, who constituted a very
small part of the population, could understand. The Renaissance marks the emergence of
modem European languages as languages of literature and the beginning of the
development of these languages.
Art and Architecture - The Renaissance artists made use of biblical subjects but the
interpretation that they gave of these subjects had little to do with the traditional religious
attitude. Art as an independent activity assumed a status which was unknown in the
medieval times. Art was freed from religious or ritualistic overtones. The Renaissance artists
looked upon art as an imitation of life. The artists studied optics and geometry and used
their knowledge to develop perspectives in their paintings. They studied human anatomy to
understand the mechanism of underlying gestures and expressions.Architecture emerged as
an art itself and ceased to be a religious medium. As in the case of painting, the growing
knowledge of anatomy and the new standards of beauty also influenced the developments
of sculpture.
Q 6) Give a list of the advances made in the field of modern science during the
Renaissance.
Ans - The Renaissance marked the beginning of modem science. One of the first
achievements was in astronomy. This was an exposition by Copernicus of the rotation of the
earth on its axis and its notion around the sun. This marked an important break with the
ancient system of thought. The decisive proof of the new conception of the universe was
made possible by the invention of the telescope which has been called the greatest scientific
instrument of the age. Galileo, born eleven years after the death of Copernicus, used this
.instrument in his study of the heavenly bodies and the Copernicus theory was confined by
Galileo's observations. Discoveries were made in the study of the human body and
circulation of blood which helped to combat many superstitions.
Q 8) Write five lines each on the state of agriculture, trade and industries in the
precolonial period
Ans - Agriculture - Agriculture operations were carried on in India by subsistence farmers,
organized in small village communities.The farmer raised only those crops which he needed
for his own use and shared the same with the village artisan who supplied him with simple
manufacture that he needed for his domestic consumption.Storage of food grains was a
common practice among the pre-colonial agriculturists and constituted, under these
conditions, the only remedy against famines.
Trade - The major features of Indian trade in pre-colonial times were
(i) a favorable balance of trade and
(ii) a foreign trade most suitable to the level of manufacturing in India.India exported more than it needed to import. Since the economy was on the whole self-sufficient in handicrafts and agricultural products, India did not need foreign imports on a large scale & continued to enjoy a healthy trade. Secondly, India's foreign trade suited its requirements very well.
Industries - India towards the end of the 18th century was one of the main centers of world
trade and industry.Indian artisans were famous for their skills the world over. In fact the
reason for India's favorable foreign trade was its excellence in indigenous production. India
indulged in a large scale manufacture of cotton and silk fabrics, sugar, jute, dye stuffs,
mineral and metallic products like arms, metal wares and oil. India's ships were bought by
many European companies for use.
Q 9) Write about the various land settlements introduced by the British & their
characteristics.
Ans - Permanent land settlement - was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 for Bengal,
Bihar, Orissa and later extended to parts of North Madras. The land revenue was fixed on
permanent basis, and the zamindars were intermediaries between the rulers and the
peasantry. The amount fixed broke the back of the peasantry. While under this system the
peasantry suffered enormously the landlords and the British rulers benefited.
Ryotwari System - implemented in Madras Presidency in 1820 by Sir Thomas Munro. The
Ryotwari system had two features. First, the government and the cultivators would have
direct relationship and land revenue will be settled directly between the two without any
intermediary. Second, unlike the system of Lord Cornwallis, Munro's system was based on
periodical re-assessment of land revenue.
Q 10) What are the factors responsible for commercialization of agriculture under British
Ans - Besides forcing the peasants to grow commercial crops and successfully trapping them
with loans, some other factors responsible for increased trading of agricultural commodities
were -
i) A rapid development of railway occurred in this period. The length of the railway tracks
increased from 288 miles in 1857 to 30576 in 1908. This expansion of the railway facilitated
the commercialization of agriculture.
Ii) The opening of Suez canal in 1869 shortened the sea route between England and India by
about 3000 miles and brought the two countries closer to each other for purpose of trade.
Iii) Certain technological innovations in England between 1873 and 1886 replaced sailing
vessels with modern steam ships. This brought down the freight rates by half and had a
stimulating effect on the export of agricultural produce from India which grew rapidly both
in volume and value.
Iv) The Civil war in North America diverted, for the time being, the British demand for raw
cotton from the United States to India. Consequently there was a sudden increase in the
export of raw cotton from India.
Q 11) Discuss the difference between moderates and the extremists
Ans - Moderates believe in the peaceful methods of political work and had faith in the British
Parliament. These leaders thought that if public opinion was created, both in India and in Britain, and if reasonable demands were presented to the authorities, they would succeed in their goal. The Moderates had faith in the British Parliament and the British people and carried out propaganda in Britain to influence public opinion there. In 1889, a committee of the Indian National Congress' was founded in Britain, in 1890 a journal titled India was started there, and many Indians were sent to Britain to campaign for the nationalist cause. Moderate nationalists provided devastating critique of colonial policies, they failed to understand that these harmful policies were consciously pursued by the British in their own interests and that the British Parliament was also a party to these measures and that many among the British people were direct beneficiaries of these policies. They used constitutional methods & and sent petitions ,and memorials to the government believed in the good intentions of the colonial rulers to correct the wrong.
The Extremist or militant nationalists did not believe in these methods. They thought that
the British would not heed the voice of the nationalists unless strong pressure was brought on them. According to the Extremists, the trust in the good intentions of the colonial rulers was misplaced. The Indians, should rely on their own resources to improve their conditions. But this could not be done under the foreign rule and hence raised voice of self government. Their radical approach meant civil disobedience ,boycott British goods etc.
Q 12) How did the Swadeshi movement broaden the base of the national movement?
Ans - Swadeshi movement was a radical shift in Indian National Movement from the
moderates approach of petitioning and praying. It started as a reaction to the division of
Bengal in 1905. It adopted the method of boycott of foreign goods, passive resistance,
disobedience of colonial authority and mobilization of the masses till the goal of self
government for the Indians isn’t fulfilled. On 7 August 1905 the Swadeshi movement was
launched against the partition of Bengal with a call to masses to boycott British goods. It
became a mass movement with students and other young people, women and even workers
participated in the movement which continued for many months.
Q 13) What were the challenges facing India in building the administrative structure?
Ans - Administrative structure built by the British was designed to maintain law and order to
facilitate British rule . Indians needed the administrative structure to be responsive to the
needs of development and progress of Indian democracy. Unfortunately this setup didn’t
reform to suit the needs of independent India, to be more inclusive and receptive to the
changing environment . The administrative machinery did not improve over the years. It
deteriorated further becoming more inefficient and corrupt.
Q 14) What were the major problems in the field of education in post colonial India?
Ans - After independence the education scenario was found in a pathetic condition. In 1951
only 16.6% of the total population was literate, the rate being much lower (6.61%) in the rural areas. In 1947 there were only 18 universities.In 1965 five per cent of the rural population was not served by any school of at all. The facilities provided in existing schools were very poor, with majority of schools having no pucca building, blackboards or drinking water. Nearly 40% of primary schools had only one teacher to take three or four classes. Moreover there was a high rate of dropout. Nearly half of those enrolled in class I would have left school by the time they reached class IV and been rapidly reduced to illiteracy again. Starkly the dropout rate was higher in the case of girls than boys. Thus there was no equal opportunity in education and hardly an equalization of opportunity in work and employment for the poor. Another major weakness was the decline in educational standards. The education system wasn’t reformed and the ideological content of education also continued to be the same as in the colonial period.
Q 15) What is regional imbalance ? Why has it persisted?
Ans - Economic disparities between different regions is called regional imbalance . Colonialism had created modem economic infrastructure according to its needs for the market and raw materials. As a result some regions remained completely backward. Only a few enclaves around Calcutta, Bombay and Madras had undergone modem industrial development. Attempts were made in the post-independence phase to tackle these disparities through a combined effort of allocation of resources to backward states through planning & disbursement of grants by the Finance Commission. The major reason at an all India level has been the low rate of economic growth. The rate of economic growth in India in the 1960s and 70s was about 3.5% and about 5% in the 80s. This was not significant enough to impart regional equality despite policies consciously designed to favor backward regions being followed.
Secondly, the roots of these states' backwardness lies in their socio-economic and political
organization itself. Bihar and eastern U.P. did not have land reforms properly implemented. In Bihar and Orissa even land consolidation unlike Punjab and Haryana have not taken place effectively. Thirdly, the backward states have a lower level of infrastructural facilities such as power, irrigation, mads telephones and modem market for agricultural produce.
Fourthly, these states also have a lower level of social expenditure on education, public health and
sanitation. Besides they suffer from a lack of financial resources to meet plan expenditure.
Increased central financial assistance is unable to counter this weakness.
Q 16) What do you understand by the term structure? Give a suitable example
Ans - Social structure is a patterned set of rules in society e.g. Caste System of India.
Q 17) Explain the term status, in about five to six lines
Ans - Status in the term given to a position in the social structure. Each status is occupied by an individual and has both privileges and social expectations attached to it. Status that people are born into, is called ascribed status. Sex, caste, ethnicity and to some extent religion are all ascribed statuses. In addition to ascribed status there is a status which is achieved by an individual and which is not given on birth. Such status has been called achieved status example - occupation, educational levels and income.
Q 18) Why is role playing fluid and flexible? Explain in about four lines.
Ans - Role playing is fluid and flexible because role expectations attached to statuses are interrupted differently by different people. Thus roles do not specify exactly what is to be done but provide a broad framework within which it is possible to act.
Q 19) Explain role conflict with a suitable example. Use about six lines for your answer.
Ans - Role conflict is the term given to indicate that there are different expectations from a role and these are often at cross purposes. This leads to a dilemma for the actor that is enacting the role. For example, a mother may be expected to be a good mother which involves a commitment to her children. This commitment may come in conflict with her role as head of an organization or employer which involves in equal expectations.
Q 20) What do you understand by the term 'social institution'? Write about in 5-6 lines
Ans - A social institution is set of rules and regulations which are part of an organization
which fulfills an important function of society.
Q 21) Briefly explain some of the functions performed by the institution of family.
Ans - Some of the functions fulfilled by the family are -
A) Socialization
B) Reproductive function
C) Economic function
D) Identity and Social status
E) Emotional Security
Q 24) Enumerate the ways through which condition of women can be improved
Ans - The condition of women in distress can be improved by :
(i) Creating relevant literacy (ii) Vocational training (iii) Legal protection
'( v) Gender sensitization( vi) Short-stay homes. (iv) counseling
Q 25) Why were the Scheduled Caste people discriminated against by the high caste
Ans - The scheduled caste people were discriminated against by the high castes
because of the
a) The concept of purity and pollution
b) The types of work they were forced to do
c) Religions grounds.
Q 26) What are the broad Constitutional provisions for the Scheduled Tribes?
Ans - The broad Constitutional provisions for the Scheduled tribes are that it is the President who specifies tribes or tribal communities with the help of the governor of the state. The decision is based on the socio-economic condition of the tribe.
Q 27) What do vou understand bv the term Sankritization?
Ans - Sanskritization is the process of emulation of the life-style of the Brahmins by the castes below in order to raise their status ranking within the caste system. Thus Sanskritization is a process of mobility within the contours defined by the caste system.
Q 28) What is social change? Answer in about two lines.
Ans - Social change occurs when the style of living of a community undergoes modification
for better or worse. It is a term used to indicate that the pattern of culture has evolved to another stage.
Q 29) Name any three factors of social change.
Ans - There factors of social change are :
a) discoveries and invention
b) diffusion
C) revolutionary movement
Q 30) Mention any three reasons of the difficulty in the prediction of future of human
Society.
Ans - Multicausality of social change
ii) Complexity of social life
iii) Tempero centrism
Tempero-centrism : The belief that one's own time, the present, or the contemporary are
more important than the past or future.
Q 1) In study of society, what sort of safeguards one should maintain ?
Ans - Social reality is many sided, guard against degeneration into propaganda and one must
put forth ones views honestly without any prejudice. One should always speak and stand for
the marginalized , deprived and the downtrodden people in society.
Q 2 ) What has been the common theme underlying various meanings of Society?
Ans - The common theme is try to be tolerant towards different groups in society , thus
maintaining harmony. Not to indulge in fomenting trouble by spreading hate.
Q 3) Discuss in brief the factors which helped in the introduction of capitalist economy in
Europe.
Ans - With the growth of trade and manufacture idle money available with feudal lords and
privileged class was reinvested in business, trade and industry augmenting its growth. This
was a transition from feudal economy to a capitalist economy in which wealth, generally in
the form of money, could be used to make a profit. With mechanized agricultural
implements lead to fewer jobs in agriculture sector and increase money supply further
fuelled movement of labor from villages to towns for want of work an ideal condition for
capitalist economy , availability of workers thus met. With money availability large industrial
complexes were constructed to produce goods in large numbers.
Q 4) Write in about five lines what you understand by 'humanism’
Ans - Humanism refers to a broad term with many dimensions. The humanist believes in his
creative potential. He doesn’t not reject earthly joys, recognized the beauty and dignity of
the human body, opposed religious fanaticism , and defended man's right to pleasure and
satisfaction of earthly desires and requirements. He seek joy on this earth rather than, an
after-life which the church advocated.
Q 5) Write in about 100 words the impact of humanism on literature , art and architecture
during the Renaissance.
Ans - literature - The most significant impact of humanism on literature was the use of
vernacular languages, or the languages spoken by the people of a region or country like
Italian, Spanish, French, German, English, etc. instead of Latin .The language of scholarship
and literature for centuries had been Latin which only the educated, who constituted a very
small part of the population, could understand. The Renaissance marks the emergence of
modem European languages as languages of literature and the beginning of the
development of these languages.
Art and Architecture - The Renaissance artists made use of biblical subjects but the
interpretation that they gave of these subjects had little to do with the traditional religious
attitude. Art as an independent activity assumed a status which was unknown in the
medieval times. Art was freed from religious or ritualistic overtones. The Renaissance artists
looked upon art as an imitation of life. The artists studied optics and geometry and used
their knowledge to develop perspectives in their paintings. They studied human anatomy to
understand the mechanism of underlying gestures and expressions.Architecture emerged as
an art itself and ceased to be a religious medium. As in the case of painting, the growing
knowledge of anatomy and the new standards of beauty also influenced the developments
of sculpture.
Q 6) Give a list of the advances made in the field of modern science during the
Renaissance.
Ans - The Renaissance marked the beginning of modem science. One of the first
achievements was in astronomy. This was an exposition by Copernicus of the rotation of the
earth on its axis and its notion around the sun. This marked an important break with the
ancient system of thought. The decisive proof of the new conception of the universe was
made possible by the invention of the telescope which has been called the greatest scientific
instrument of the age. Galileo, born eleven years after the death of Copernicus, used this
.instrument in his study of the heavenly bodies and the Copernicus theory was confined by
Galileo's observations. Discoveries were made in the study of the human body and
circulation of blood which helped to combat many superstitions.
Q 8) Write five lines each on the state of agriculture, trade and industries in the
precolonial period
Ans - Agriculture - Agriculture operations were carried on in India by subsistence farmers,
organized in small village communities.The farmer raised only those crops which he needed
for his own use and shared the same with the village artisan who supplied him with simple
manufacture that he needed for his domestic consumption.Storage of food grains was a
common practice among the pre-colonial agriculturists and constituted, under these
conditions, the only remedy against famines.
Trade - The major features of Indian trade in pre-colonial times were
(i) a favorable balance of trade and
(ii) a foreign trade most suitable to the level of manufacturing in India.India exported more than it needed to import. Since the economy was on the whole self-sufficient in handicrafts and agricultural products, India did not need foreign imports on a large scale & continued to enjoy a healthy trade. Secondly, India's foreign trade suited its requirements very well.
Industries - India towards the end of the 18th century was one of the main centers of world
trade and industry.Indian artisans were famous for their skills the world over. In fact the
reason for India's favorable foreign trade was its excellence in indigenous production. India
indulged in a large scale manufacture of cotton and silk fabrics, sugar, jute, dye stuffs,
mineral and metallic products like arms, metal wares and oil. India's ships were bought by
many European companies for use.
Q 9) Write about the various land settlements introduced by the British & their
characteristics.
Ans - Permanent land settlement - was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 for Bengal,
Bihar, Orissa and later extended to parts of North Madras. The land revenue was fixed on
permanent basis, and the zamindars were intermediaries between the rulers and the
peasantry. The amount fixed broke the back of the peasantry. While under this system the
peasantry suffered enormously the landlords and the British rulers benefited.
Ryotwari System - implemented in Madras Presidency in 1820 by Sir Thomas Munro. The
Ryotwari system had two features. First, the government and the cultivators would have
direct relationship and land revenue will be settled directly between the two without any
intermediary. Second, unlike the system of Lord Cornwallis, Munro's system was based on
periodical re-assessment of land revenue.
Q 10) What are the factors responsible for commercialization of agriculture under British
Ans - Besides forcing the peasants to grow commercial crops and successfully trapping them
with loans, some other factors responsible for increased trading of agricultural commodities
were -
i) A rapid development of railway occurred in this period. The length of the railway tracks
increased from 288 miles in 1857 to 30576 in 1908. This expansion of the railway facilitated
the commercialization of agriculture.
Ii) The opening of Suez canal in 1869 shortened the sea route between England and India by
about 3000 miles and brought the two countries closer to each other for purpose of trade.
Iii) Certain technological innovations in England between 1873 and 1886 replaced sailing
vessels with modern steam ships. This brought down the freight rates by half and had a
stimulating effect on the export of agricultural produce from India which grew rapidly both
in volume and value.
Iv) The Civil war in North America diverted, for the time being, the British demand for raw
cotton from the United States to India. Consequently there was a sudden increase in the
export of raw cotton from India.
Q 11) Discuss the difference between moderates and the extremists
Ans - Moderates believe in the peaceful methods of political work and had faith in the British
Parliament. These leaders thought that if public opinion was created, both in India and in Britain, and if reasonable demands were presented to the authorities, they would succeed in their goal. The Moderates had faith in the British Parliament and the British people and carried out propaganda in Britain to influence public opinion there. In 1889, a committee of the Indian National Congress' was founded in Britain, in 1890 a journal titled India was started there, and many Indians were sent to Britain to campaign for the nationalist cause. Moderate nationalists provided devastating critique of colonial policies, they failed to understand that these harmful policies were consciously pursued by the British in their own interests and that the British Parliament was also a party to these measures and that many among the British people were direct beneficiaries of these policies. They used constitutional methods & and sent petitions ,and memorials to the government believed in the good intentions of the colonial rulers to correct the wrong.
The Extremist or militant nationalists did not believe in these methods. They thought that
the British would not heed the voice of the nationalists unless strong pressure was brought on them. According to the Extremists, the trust in the good intentions of the colonial rulers was misplaced. The Indians, should rely on their own resources to improve their conditions. But this could not be done under the foreign rule and hence raised voice of self government. Their radical approach meant civil disobedience ,boycott British goods etc.
Q 12) How did the Swadeshi movement broaden the base of the national movement?
Ans - Swadeshi movement was a radical shift in Indian National Movement from the
moderates approach of petitioning and praying. It started as a reaction to the division of
Bengal in 1905. It adopted the method of boycott of foreign goods, passive resistance,
disobedience of colonial authority and mobilization of the masses till the goal of self
government for the Indians isn’t fulfilled. On 7 August 1905 the Swadeshi movement was
launched against the partition of Bengal with a call to masses to boycott British goods. It
became a mass movement with students and other young people, women and even workers
participated in the movement which continued for many months.
Q 13) What were the challenges facing India in building the administrative structure?
Ans - Administrative structure built by the British was designed to maintain law and order to
facilitate British rule . Indians needed the administrative structure to be responsive to the
needs of development and progress of Indian democracy. Unfortunately this setup didn’t
reform to suit the needs of independent India, to be more inclusive and receptive to the
changing environment . The administrative machinery did not improve over the years. It
deteriorated further becoming more inefficient and corrupt.
Q 14) What were the major problems in the field of education in post colonial India?
Ans - After independence the education scenario was found in a pathetic condition. In 1951
only 16.6% of the total population was literate, the rate being much lower (6.61%) in the rural areas. In 1947 there were only 18 universities.In 1965 five per cent of the rural population was not served by any school of at all. The facilities provided in existing schools were very poor, with majority of schools having no pucca building, blackboards or drinking water. Nearly 40% of primary schools had only one teacher to take three or four classes. Moreover there was a high rate of dropout. Nearly half of those enrolled in class I would have left school by the time they reached class IV and been rapidly reduced to illiteracy again. Starkly the dropout rate was higher in the case of girls than boys. Thus there was no equal opportunity in education and hardly an equalization of opportunity in work and employment for the poor. Another major weakness was the decline in educational standards. The education system wasn’t reformed and the ideological content of education also continued to be the same as in the colonial period.
Q 15) What is regional imbalance ? Why has it persisted?
Ans - Economic disparities between different regions is called regional imbalance . Colonialism had created modem economic infrastructure according to its needs for the market and raw materials. As a result some regions remained completely backward. Only a few enclaves around Calcutta, Bombay and Madras had undergone modem industrial development. Attempts were made in the post-independence phase to tackle these disparities through a combined effort of allocation of resources to backward states through planning & disbursement of grants by the Finance Commission. The major reason at an all India level has been the low rate of economic growth. The rate of economic growth in India in the 1960s and 70s was about 3.5% and about 5% in the 80s. This was not significant enough to impart regional equality despite policies consciously designed to favor backward regions being followed.
Secondly, the roots of these states' backwardness lies in their socio-economic and political
organization itself. Bihar and eastern U.P. did not have land reforms properly implemented. In Bihar and Orissa even land consolidation unlike Punjab and Haryana have not taken place effectively. Thirdly, the backward states have a lower level of infrastructural facilities such as power, irrigation, mads telephones and modem market for agricultural produce.
Fourthly, these states also have a lower level of social expenditure on education, public health and
sanitation. Besides they suffer from a lack of financial resources to meet plan expenditure.
Increased central financial assistance is unable to counter this weakness.
Q 16) What do you understand by the term structure? Give a suitable example
Ans - Social structure is a patterned set of rules in society e.g. Caste System of India.
Q 17) Explain the term status, in about five to six lines
Ans - Status in the term given to a position in the social structure. Each status is occupied by an individual and has both privileges and social expectations attached to it. Status that people are born into, is called ascribed status. Sex, caste, ethnicity and to some extent religion are all ascribed statuses. In addition to ascribed status there is a status which is achieved by an individual and which is not given on birth. Such status has been called achieved status example - occupation, educational levels and income.
Q 18) Why is role playing fluid and flexible? Explain in about four lines.
Ans - Role playing is fluid and flexible because role expectations attached to statuses are interrupted differently by different people. Thus roles do not specify exactly what is to be done but provide a broad framework within which it is possible to act.
Q 19) Explain role conflict with a suitable example. Use about six lines for your answer.
Ans - Role conflict is the term given to indicate that there are different expectations from a role and these are often at cross purposes. This leads to a dilemma for the actor that is enacting the role. For example, a mother may be expected to be a good mother which involves a commitment to her children. This commitment may come in conflict with her role as head of an organization or employer which involves in equal expectations.
Q 20) What do you understand by the term 'social institution'? Write about in 5-6 lines
Ans - A social institution is set of rules and regulations which are part of an organization
which fulfills an important function of society.
Q 21) Briefly explain some of the functions performed by the institution of family.
Ans - Some of the functions fulfilled by the family are -
A) Socialization
B) Reproductive function
C) Economic function
D) Identity and Social status
E) Emotional Security
Q 24) Enumerate the ways through which condition of women can be improved
Ans - The condition of women in distress can be improved by :
(i) Creating relevant literacy (ii) Vocational training (iii) Legal protection
'( v) Gender sensitization( vi) Short-stay homes. (iv) counseling
Q 25) Why were the Scheduled Caste people discriminated against by the high caste
Ans - The scheduled caste people were discriminated against by the high castes
because of the
a) The concept of purity and pollution
b) The types of work they were forced to do
c) Religions grounds.
Q 26) What are the broad Constitutional provisions for the Scheduled Tribes?
Ans - The broad Constitutional provisions for the Scheduled tribes are that it is the President who specifies tribes or tribal communities with the help of the governor of the state. The decision is based on the socio-economic condition of the tribe.
Q 27) What do vou understand bv the term Sankritization?
Ans - Sanskritization is the process of emulation of the life-style of the Brahmins by the castes below in order to raise their status ranking within the caste system. Thus Sanskritization is a process of mobility within the contours defined by the caste system.
Q 28) What is social change? Answer in about two lines.
Ans - Social change occurs when the style of living of a community undergoes modification
for better or worse. It is a term used to indicate that the pattern of culture has evolved to another stage.
Q 29) Name any three factors of social change.
Ans - There factors of social change are :
a) discoveries and invention
b) diffusion
C) revolutionary movement
Q 30) Mention any three reasons of the difficulty in the prediction of future of human
Society.
Ans - Multicausality of social change
ii) Complexity of social life
iii) Tempero centrism
Tempero-centrism : The belief that one's own time, the present, or the contemporary are
more important than the past or future.
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