Seventh Part
Q. Directive Principles
A----- Part IV of Indian Constitution deals with Directive Principles of our State Policy (DPSP). The
provisions contained in this Part cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these
principles in making laws. The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from the
Irish Constitution. Directive Principles aim to create social and economic conditions under which the
citizens can lead a good life. They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a
welfare state. Some of the Articles under Directive Principles are -
Article 38 : State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
Article 39 : Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
Article 39A : Equal justice and free legal aid
Article 40 : Organisation of village panchayats
Article 41 : Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
Article 42 : Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
Article 43 : Living wage, etc., for workers
Article 43A : Participation of workers in management of industries
Article 44 : Uniform civil code for the citizen
Article 45 : Provision for free and compulsory education for children
Article 46 : Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other weaker sections
Article 47 : Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve
public health
Article 48 : Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry
Article 48A : Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
Article 49 : Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
Article 50 : Separation of judiciary from executive
Article 51 : Promotion of international peace and security
Q. - ICT & Education
A----- Education being a necessity today and vital for survival of an individual in society today . The
Indian Constitution too has a provision for it. Article 45 of Directive Principles of State Policy.urges
the State to provide free and compulsory education to all children till the age of 14 years. Several
Programmes for Universal Elementary Education (UEE) was launched by government . Schemes like
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Operation Blackboard , Lok Jumbish, District Elementary Education Program etc. were launched by government to spread education among masses . Midday meals are prepared in government schools to provide nutritious meals to children, a kind of incentive for poor people to send their kids to schools . There were still concerns as education couldn’t cross certain social , religious , physical ,economical barriers , this is when ICT revolution transformed the education scenario . Information and Communications (ICT) has come as a boon to the poor nations and less privileged people because information can be assessed quickly thus making the task of government easy which acts as a facilitator. ICT has revolutionized the field of education as Universities can put the study material online, easier to assess by individuals at their own peril without hindrances. Many physical and cultural impediments can be easily overcome due to ICT revolution. Due to easy availability of knowledge thus has ushered a new dawn of empowering masses through ICT in educational field .
Q. What do you understand by the term "Renaissance" ?
A----- The term "Renaissance" literally means rebirth or revival, in a narrow sense is used to describe
the revival or interest in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. The Renaissance was a cultural
movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle
Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Renaissance was marked by a series of new
developments in the field of art, literature ,religion ,philosophy , science and politics. Renaissance
period is being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era due to intellectual
transformation that took place during this era.
Renaissance emphasized on reasoning, a questioning attitude, experimentation and free will. It laid emphasis on exploring , in science and nature .This is in contrast with medieval thought process of faith , authority and tradition. It glorified the individual and approved worldly pleasures, viewing life as worthwhile for living for its own sake , rather then as a preparation for the afterlife. The era led to the creation of secular society rather than the religious society influenced by Church.
Humanism & literature , Art, architecture & science can be added There is a consensus the Renaissance began in Florence, Tuscany in the 14th century due to migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. In the 15th century, Renaissance ideas began to spread from Italy to rest of Europe. Renaissance encouraged all kinds of intellectual,political and social thinking but it is famous for artistic developments and artistic geniuses like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
Ren-aissance was a turning point in the history of Western civilization, scholars of the Renaissance period took keen interest in the individual . They emphasized the worth of man and tried to project the individual as a free agent. The Renaissance spirit can be best summed up in the words of Leon Battista Alberti, "Men can do all things if they will".
Q. - Is globalization affecting the indian economy comment.
A----- Indian economy was liberalized in 1991 which started the integration of Indian economy into
the global economy. The economic reforms, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG model) as they were called aimed at making the Indian economy fastest growing economy and globally competitive. The series of reforms undertaken with respect to industrial sector, trade as well as financial sector were aimed at making the economy more efficient.
The liberalization policy and subsequent integration with global economy transformed Indian mindset . Indian economy was in major crisis in 1991, with reserves of $1 billion, when some of the measures were taken to liberalize and globalize the economy:-
1. Devaluation: To solve the balance of payment problem Indian currency were devaluated by 18 to 19%.
2. Disinvestment: To make the LPG model smooth ,many of the public sectors were sold to the private sector.
3. Allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI was allowed in a wide range of sectors such as Insurance (26%), defense industries (26%) etc.
4. NRI Scheme: The facilities which were available to foreign investors were also given to NRI's.
1) The benefits of the effects of globalization in the Indian Industry are that many foreign companies set up industries in India, especially in the pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing, and chemical sectors and this helped to provide employment to many people in the country. This helped reduce the level of unemployment and poverty in the country.
2) Also the benefit of the Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that the foreign companies
brought in highly advanced technology with them and this helped to make the Indian Industry more
technologically advanced.
3) India’s share of world merchandise exports increased to 1.4% over the years.
4) In respect of market capitalization, Indian economy ranks fourth in the world and may overtake
Japan and become third major economic power within 10 years.
Q.- What are the main environmental challenges we are facing today ? Discuss.
A---- One of the greatest problems we face in the world today is pollution. Air pollution, poor
management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution,population,
preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation are some of the major
environmental issues we face today.
Pollution of the air, water & soil is caused by pollutants emanating from industries ,automobiles, oil spills, excessive usage of fertilizers and chemicals , industrial wastes ,over exploitation of groundwater etc. The excessive degradation and pollution of air,water and soil has made life miserable with numerous endemic diseases making survival difficult.
Overpopulation is another environmental problem, the increase in the population leads to food and water shortages straining our natural resources. Developing countries have already surpassed the population limits, leading to the scarcity of vital resources. Various methods employed to increase agriculture to feed population ends up damaging environment more. For example, the more fertilizer and pesticides added to produce more food damages the environment exponentially.
Another grave environmental problem facing the world today is global warming. This is caused by emission of greenhouse gases. Global warming increases atmospheric temperatures in the ocean and the surface of the earth causing melting of the polar ice caps. This melting leads the sea levels to rise and the occurrence of unusual weather patterns that cause flash floods and excessive snowing.
Waste management is another grave environmental hazard world is facing ,countries are nowadays disposing of waste either by dumping it in the ocean which harms the ecosystem of the oceans or by burning it in open pits causing air pollution. The waste disposal of nuclear products is another grave environmental problem which threatens the well-being of humans and is a problem that needs urgent attention.
Q. - What do you understand by the term 'Fundamental Rights' as given in our constitution ?
A----- The rights that are basic to the advancement of the human race are called Fundamental Rights.
All other rights are derived from these rights as direct implications or application of their principles. It is an accepted belief among the philosophers that these rights are nothing but "natural human rights"which distinguish between humans and animals and which have been instrumental in evolving
humans from the stone age to the present age. Among all, the right to life and liberty is considered to
be the most basic.
The founding fathers of Indian constitution faced innumerable hardships during the freedom struggle at the hands of the colonialists . They thus ensured that certain rights should be provided to the citizenry for their wellbeing. These laws are enforceable by law unlike the Directive principles of State Policy . The Fundamental rights cannot be suspended until emergency is imposed . Even during emergency Article 20 and Article 21 remains in force . In Indian context, Fundamental Rights find place in part 3 of the Constitution of India. These rights gives people protection from oppressive governments and place the onus of protecting citizenry on the government .
Categories of Fundamental Rights
Seven fundamental Rights were enshrined in our Constitution , however the Right to property was removed from the list by 44th Amendment Act. of the Constitution in the year 1976. Since then , it has been made a Legal Right. It means the property of an individual can be acquired by the state after paying adequate compensation . There are now six Fundamental Right -
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18) - It ensures that all citizens are treated equally irrespective of
Caste, Race, Religion, Sex, and Place of Birth .
2. Right to Freedom (Artticles 19-22) - It gives freedom of Speech and Expression, freedom of
Assembly, freedom of Association, freedom of Movement, freedom of Residence, and Freedom of
Profession.
3. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24) - It ensures ban on human trafficking , forced labor or employment of children in hazardous conditions .
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28) - Ensures practicing and propagation of any religion out of free will without fear or coercion.
5. Right to Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) - Ensures protection of interests of
minorities and right to establish and administer educational institutions.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 31-35) - Article 32 is the soul of our constitution. All the talk of rights is useless if there is no recourse against their transgression. Under this article, a
citizen is free to go to the Supreme Court for violation of his rights. By 86th Amendment , the Right to Education has been included in the list of Fundamental Right adding Article 21(A)
Q. - Discuss the role of Gandhi in national movement.
A----- Mahatma Gandhi was one of the tallest leader in Indian Freedom movement. Gandhi arrived
in India on 9 January 1915 from South Africa where he had fought for the rights of the Indians against the racist regime through Satyagraha, resistance to tyranny through mass civil resistance. He
perfected and propagated the philosophy of truth and ahimsa (nonviolence) as a weapon against
repression .
From 1919 to 1947,Gandhi remained the foremost leader of the Indian national movement and his philosophy and leadership helped India gain independence and inspired inspired millions of people across the world. The Non-Violence, peaceful methods of Civil Disobedience, boycott of British goods , Non-Cooperation movements etc. adopted by Gandhi played a pivotal role in the freedom struggle of India. He inspired many prominent leaders like Nelson Mandela etc across the world, who applied his principles of peaceful demonstrations in their own countries against the tyrant regimes of the day.
Gandhi first employed and pioneered successfully Civil Disobedience movement, while working as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa for the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. Gandhi returned to India in 1915 with the zeal to win Independence for India. The biggest achievement of Gandhi was to make freedom movement broad based by inclusive approach towards every possible community and religious minorities to protest against the oppressive British Government.
His political engagement started in 1917-18, when he fought for the cause of Indigo farmers from Champaran in Bihar . Britishers, forced farmers to grow Indigo and then trapped them successfully with loans. Farmers wanted the freedom to cultivate the crops of their choice instead of Indigo . After successfully fighting for the cause of the farmers, some other noticeable movements that catapulted Mahatma Gandhi as the prominent National leader were Kheda Satyagraha (1918) where taxes were withdrawn after Gandhi ji’s campaign , Ahmedabad textiles mills workers agitation where wages were increased after campaign . He organized protests by farmers, workers , urban laborers concerning excessive land-tax, deplorable human conditions and discrimination.
After assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns to ease poverty, expand women's rights, build religious and ethnic amity among communities , end untouchability, and increase economic self-reliance. Above all, he aimed to
unite the countrymen under one roof to achieve Swaraj or the independence of India from British
domination through peaceful means.
In 1930, Gandhi started Civil Disobedience Movement, with the historic Dandi March with his 78 followers. He walked from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal village in Gujrat covering 400km and made salt in violation of the law,as making salt was prohibited by the colonial government. This movement was instrumental in defeating the British as repression of peaceful movement caused world outrage, and successfully receiving sympathetic coverage by world
media blemished British hypocritical moral right to continue their occupation of India. To further the
cause of Independence Gandhi launched Quit India Movement in 1942, demanding immediate
independence of India from tyrannical colonial British occupation. Gandhiji is referred to as Mahatma, an honorific title , firstly applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore. In India, Gandhi is also called Bapu and officially honored in India as the Father of the Nation. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence.
Q. Compare & Contrast the industrial & the post-industrial society ?
A. -- During the long evolution process of human history, agrarian society gave way to Industrial
society. Industrial society was a slow and unique transformation from agrarian based society.
Industrial society was based on invention and utilization of machines. Fossil fuel based machines were at the center of the industrial society . The inventions powered by steam and electricity transformed the scale and method of manufacturing . In industrial societies exclusive large industrial complexes were constructed with newer modes of transportation and communication . The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine, harvesters, tractors etc. Were used to produce crops instead of manual labor. This caused large scale unemployment among rural population who migrated to cities for jobs . This excess labor who was no longer needed for the production of food was accommodated in these factories.
Industrial society made urbanization a necessity where workers can reside closer to
industrial complexes. This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a
high rate of economic activity. Many industrial cities are built around rivers as waterways facilitated
movement of raw materials and finished goods simultaneously , thus acting as catalyst to setup
industries on riverside. Industrial society is thus marked as society where large chunks of human population was displaced from their original habitats i.e villages and put into massive industrial towns. The invention and use of energy sources increased the rate and scale of production .Industrial society is marked by new types of raw material( iron ,steel etc.) and new kinds of machines (power loom) leading to increased production with less human energy along with new kind of transportation (steam ships) and communication (team-locomotive,steamship, automobiles, aeroplanes, telegraph and radio) were the central focus of the industrial society.
Post-Industrial Society - The nature of the industrial society changed dramatically from what it was inthe 13th century to what it became in the 20th century particularly after the Second world war. It has been argued by some scholars that since the 1970’s a new type of society has emerged and begun to replace the Industrial Society. This is called the Post-industrial society.
In the middle of the Post-Industrial society is the dawn of new technology in the sphere of information and communication. Industrial society main theme was energy which is replaced by technology in post industrial society. In Post-industrial society new patterns of consumption have emerged and there has been a shift from a production driven economy to a consumption driven economy. The dominant manufacturing sector(Iron & Steel ) has been replaced by a service sector. There had been a rapid growth in the service sector of the economy. This sector comprises transportation, public utilities, wholesale and retail trade,finance, insurance, real estate, government, business and personal services. Jobs and investments in service sector have more then doubled since 1970's signifying its increasing importance and shift from manufacturing towards services in economy. The concentration of workers, managers and implements at one place, so
characteristic of Industrial age society, has been replaced by a decentralization of production where
knowledge has become an extremely vital component of the economic activity. Post-industrial
society replaced society dominated by a manufacturing-based economy to a society based on the
information, innovation, finance, and services.
The economy and society undergoes a transition from the production of goods during Industrial phase to the provision of services post-industrial phase. Now, knowledge becomes a
valued form of capital where, producing ideas drives the economy. Due to automation, the value and
importance to the economy of blue-collar, unionized work, including manual labor decline, and those
of professional workers (e.g. scientists, creative-industry professionals, and IT professionals) grow in
value and prevalence.
The industrial revolution was marked by an innovation of energy. Inventions based on
steam and electricity transformed the method and scale of manufacturing. The post-industrial society
moves at a very different level here manufacturing is replaced by information and knowledge.
Q. Classical dance forms
A. Bharatnatyam is perhaps the oldest among the contemporary classical dance forms of India.
The dance was performed both as a solo dance and in groups. In the villages of Tamil Nadu
Bharatnatyam continued as part of the Bhagvata Mela tradition . Earlier it was performed only by
men, but everything changed in 1936 when Rukmani Devi performed thus starting the new tradition
and leading to revival of Bharatnatyam.
Kathak is one of the most popular dance forms of North India. It is also called the Natwari dance.
In its present from Kathak was developed and given patronage in the court of the Nawabs of Awadh.
One noticeable deviation from the original structure of Kathak during its growth in Awadh is the
emphasis on sensuous elements. Musical forms such as tappa and thumri provided the rhythmic
base for the dance. Musical instruments to be used in Kathak performances are tabla and pakhawaj .
The costume used in Kathak is sherwani, churidar pajama , a decorated cap and angarakha etc. Kathak has been promoted through three main gharanas - Lucknow, Jaipur, and Banaras. In fact the Jaipur and Banaras gharanas owe their origin to the Lucknow gharana. The kings of Kathak, Lachhu Maharaj and Shambhu Maharaj, belong to Lucknow. This gharana was founded by their grandfather Maharaj Thakur Prasad, who was a courtier and the dance teacher of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. Some of
the other important artists have been Birju Maharaj, Gopi Krishna, Sitara Devi , Damyanti
Joshi, etc.
Kathakali is the dance from the southernmost state of India - its center has been the region of Kerala and Malabar. Kathakali is derived from the two words, Katha and Kali, the literal meaning of which is dance drama. This dance form is performed exclusively by male dancers. Even female roles in the story line are performed to perfection by male artists. In support of the performance of dance, a group of singers keep continuously reciting the poems and epics. The artists who perform Kathkali do not sing the lines themselves. The actions are all executed in silence by the artists, only through the poses and postures of body and face. These dance postures are more complex than those used in Bharatnatyam. This tradition of dance-drama has been popular in the Malabar region primarily in the form of Krishna and Rama ballets. One of the peculiarities of this dance form is its costume and very elaborate makeup of the face. In this respect Kathkali has presented and also kept alive and continued
the ancient dance-dramas of Kerala .
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You can write to me at - garv560@gmail.com
Gaurav Saini
Q. Directive Principles
A----- Part IV of Indian Constitution deals with Directive Principles of our State Policy (DPSP). The
provisions contained in this Part cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these
principles in making laws. The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from the
Irish Constitution. Directive Principles aim to create social and economic conditions under which the
citizens can lead a good life. They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a
welfare state. Some of the Articles under Directive Principles are -
Article 38 : State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
Article 39 : Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
Article 39A : Equal justice and free legal aid
Article 40 : Organisation of village panchayats
Article 41 : Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases
Article 42 : Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
Article 43 : Living wage, etc., for workers
Article 43A : Participation of workers in management of industries
Article 44 : Uniform civil code for the citizen
Article 45 : Provision for free and compulsory education for children
Article 46 : Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other weaker sections
Article 47 : Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve
public health
Article 48 : Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry
Article 48A : Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life
Article 49 : Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance
Article 50 : Separation of judiciary from executive
Article 51 : Promotion of international peace and security
Q. - ICT & Education
A----- Education being a necessity today and vital for survival of an individual in society today . The
Indian Constitution too has a provision for it. Article 45 of Directive Principles of State Policy.urges
the State to provide free and compulsory education to all children till the age of 14 years. Several
Programmes for Universal Elementary Education (UEE) was launched by government . Schemes like
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Operation Blackboard , Lok Jumbish, District Elementary Education Program etc. were launched by government to spread education among masses . Midday meals are prepared in government schools to provide nutritious meals to children, a kind of incentive for poor people to send their kids to schools . There were still concerns as education couldn’t cross certain social , religious , physical ,economical barriers , this is when ICT revolution transformed the education scenario . Information and Communications (ICT) has come as a boon to the poor nations and less privileged people because information can be assessed quickly thus making the task of government easy which acts as a facilitator. ICT has revolutionized the field of education as Universities can put the study material online, easier to assess by individuals at their own peril without hindrances. Many physical and cultural impediments can be easily overcome due to ICT revolution. Due to easy availability of knowledge thus has ushered a new dawn of empowering masses through ICT in educational field .
Q. What do you understand by the term "Renaissance" ?
A----- The term "Renaissance" literally means rebirth or revival, in a narrow sense is used to describe
the revival or interest in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. The Renaissance was a cultural
movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle
Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Renaissance was marked by a series of new
developments in the field of art, literature ,religion ,philosophy , science and politics. Renaissance
period is being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era due to intellectual
transformation that took place during this era.
Renaissance emphasized on reasoning, a questioning attitude, experimentation and free will. It laid emphasis on exploring , in science and nature .This is in contrast with medieval thought process of faith , authority and tradition. It glorified the individual and approved worldly pleasures, viewing life as worthwhile for living for its own sake , rather then as a preparation for the afterlife. The era led to the creation of secular society rather than the religious society influenced by Church.
Humanism & literature , Art, architecture & science can be added There is a consensus the Renaissance began in Florence, Tuscany in the 14th century due to migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. In the 15th century, Renaissance ideas began to spread from Italy to rest of Europe. Renaissance encouraged all kinds of intellectual,political and social thinking but it is famous for artistic developments and artistic geniuses like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
Ren-aissance was a turning point in the history of Western civilization, scholars of the Renaissance period took keen interest in the individual . They emphasized the worth of man and tried to project the individual as a free agent. The Renaissance spirit can be best summed up in the words of Leon Battista Alberti, "Men can do all things if they will".
Q. - Is globalization affecting the indian economy comment.
A----- Indian economy was liberalized in 1991 which started the integration of Indian economy into
the global economy. The economic reforms, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG model) as they were called aimed at making the Indian economy fastest growing economy and globally competitive. The series of reforms undertaken with respect to industrial sector, trade as well as financial sector were aimed at making the economy more efficient.
The liberalization policy and subsequent integration with global economy transformed Indian mindset . Indian economy was in major crisis in 1991, with reserves of $1 billion, when some of the measures were taken to liberalize and globalize the economy:-
1. Devaluation: To solve the balance of payment problem Indian currency were devaluated by 18 to 19%.
2. Disinvestment: To make the LPG model smooth ,many of the public sectors were sold to the private sector.
3. Allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI was allowed in a wide range of sectors such as Insurance (26%), defense industries (26%) etc.
4. NRI Scheme: The facilities which were available to foreign investors were also given to NRI's.
1) The benefits of the effects of globalization in the Indian Industry are that many foreign companies set up industries in India, especially in the pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing, and chemical sectors and this helped to provide employment to many people in the country. This helped reduce the level of unemployment and poverty in the country.
2) Also the benefit of the Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that the foreign companies
brought in highly advanced technology with them and this helped to make the Indian Industry more
technologically advanced.
3) India’s share of world merchandise exports increased to 1.4% over the years.
4) In respect of market capitalization, Indian economy ranks fourth in the world and may overtake
Japan and become third major economic power within 10 years.
Q.- What are the main environmental challenges we are facing today ? Discuss.
A---- One of the greatest problems we face in the world today is pollution. Air pollution, poor
management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution,population,
preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation are some of the major
environmental issues we face today.
Pollution of the air, water & soil is caused by pollutants emanating from industries ,automobiles, oil spills, excessive usage of fertilizers and chemicals , industrial wastes ,over exploitation of groundwater etc. The excessive degradation and pollution of air,water and soil has made life miserable with numerous endemic diseases making survival difficult.
Overpopulation is another environmental problem, the increase in the population leads to food and water shortages straining our natural resources. Developing countries have already surpassed the population limits, leading to the scarcity of vital resources. Various methods employed to increase agriculture to feed population ends up damaging environment more. For example, the more fertilizer and pesticides added to produce more food damages the environment exponentially.
Another grave environmental problem facing the world today is global warming. This is caused by emission of greenhouse gases. Global warming increases atmospheric temperatures in the ocean and the surface of the earth causing melting of the polar ice caps. This melting leads the sea levels to rise and the occurrence of unusual weather patterns that cause flash floods and excessive snowing.
Waste management is another grave environmental hazard world is facing ,countries are nowadays disposing of waste either by dumping it in the ocean which harms the ecosystem of the oceans or by burning it in open pits causing air pollution. The waste disposal of nuclear products is another grave environmental problem which threatens the well-being of humans and is a problem that needs urgent attention.
Q. - What do you understand by the term 'Fundamental Rights' as given in our constitution ?
A----- The rights that are basic to the advancement of the human race are called Fundamental Rights.
All other rights are derived from these rights as direct implications or application of their principles. It is an accepted belief among the philosophers that these rights are nothing but "natural human rights"which distinguish between humans and animals and which have been instrumental in evolving
humans from the stone age to the present age. Among all, the right to life and liberty is considered to
be the most basic.
The founding fathers of Indian constitution faced innumerable hardships during the freedom struggle at the hands of the colonialists . They thus ensured that certain rights should be provided to the citizenry for their wellbeing. These laws are enforceable by law unlike the Directive principles of State Policy . The Fundamental rights cannot be suspended until emergency is imposed . Even during emergency Article 20 and Article 21 remains in force . In Indian context, Fundamental Rights find place in part 3 of the Constitution of India. These rights gives people protection from oppressive governments and place the onus of protecting citizenry on the government .
Categories of Fundamental Rights
Seven fundamental Rights were enshrined in our Constitution , however the Right to property was removed from the list by 44th Amendment Act. of the Constitution in the year 1976. Since then , it has been made a Legal Right. It means the property of an individual can be acquired by the state after paying adequate compensation . There are now six Fundamental Right -
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18) - It ensures that all citizens are treated equally irrespective of
Caste, Race, Religion, Sex, and Place of Birth .
2. Right to Freedom (Artticles 19-22) - It gives freedom of Speech and Expression, freedom of
Assembly, freedom of Association, freedom of Movement, freedom of Residence, and Freedom of
Profession.
3. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24) - It ensures ban on human trafficking , forced labor or employment of children in hazardous conditions .
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28) - Ensures practicing and propagation of any religion out of free will without fear or coercion.
5. Right to Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30) - Ensures protection of interests of
minorities and right to establish and administer educational institutions.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 31-35) - Article 32 is the soul of our constitution. All the talk of rights is useless if there is no recourse against their transgression. Under this article, a
citizen is free to go to the Supreme Court for violation of his rights. By 86th Amendment , the Right to Education has been included in the list of Fundamental Right adding Article 21(A)
Q. - Discuss the role of Gandhi in national movement.
A----- Mahatma Gandhi was one of the tallest leader in Indian Freedom movement. Gandhi arrived
in India on 9 January 1915 from South Africa where he had fought for the rights of the Indians against the racist regime through Satyagraha, resistance to tyranny through mass civil resistance. He
perfected and propagated the philosophy of truth and ahimsa (nonviolence) as a weapon against
repression .
From 1919 to 1947,Gandhi remained the foremost leader of the Indian national movement and his philosophy and leadership helped India gain independence and inspired inspired millions of people across the world. The Non-Violence, peaceful methods of Civil Disobedience, boycott of British goods , Non-Cooperation movements etc. adopted by Gandhi played a pivotal role in the freedom struggle of India. He inspired many prominent leaders like Nelson Mandela etc across the world, who applied his principles of peaceful demonstrations in their own countries against the tyrant regimes of the day.
Gandhi first employed and pioneered successfully Civil Disobedience movement, while working as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa for the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. Gandhi returned to India in 1915 with the zeal to win Independence for India. The biggest achievement of Gandhi was to make freedom movement broad based by inclusive approach towards every possible community and religious minorities to protest against the oppressive British Government.
His political engagement started in 1917-18, when he fought for the cause of Indigo farmers from Champaran in Bihar . Britishers, forced farmers to grow Indigo and then trapped them successfully with loans. Farmers wanted the freedom to cultivate the crops of their choice instead of Indigo . After successfully fighting for the cause of the farmers, some other noticeable movements that catapulted Mahatma Gandhi as the prominent National leader were Kheda Satyagraha (1918) where taxes were withdrawn after Gandhi ji’s campaign , Ahmedabad textiles mills workers agitation where wages were increased after campaign . He organized protests by farmers, workers , urban laborers concerning excessive land-tax, deplorable human conditions and discrimination.
After assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns to ease poverty, expand women's rights, build religious and ethnic amity among communities , end untouchability, and increase economic self-reliance. Above all, he aimed to
unite the countrymen under one roof to achieve Swaraj or the independence of India from British
domination through peaceful means.
In 1930, Gandhi started Civil Disobedience Movement, with the historic Dandi March with his 78 followers. He walked from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal village in Gujrat covering 400km and made salt in violation of the law,as making salt was prohibited by the colonial government. This movement was instrumental in defeating the British as repression of peaceful movement caused world outrage, and successfully receiving sympathetic coverage by world
media blemished British hypocritical moral right to continue their occupation of India. To further the
cause of Independence Gandhi launched Quit India Movement in 1942, demanding immediate
independence of India from tyrannical colonial British occupation. Gandhiji is referred to as Mahatma, an honorific title , firstly applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore. In India, Gandhi is also called Bapu and officially honored in India as the Father of the Nation. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence.
Q. Compare & Contrast the industrial & the post-industrial society ?
A. -- During the long evolution process of human history, agrarian society gave way to Industrial
society. Industrial society was a slow and unique transformation from agrarian based society.
Industrial society was based on invention and utilization of machines. Fossil fuel based machines were at the center of the industrial society . The inventions powered by steam and electricity transformed the scale and method of manufacturing . In industrial societies exclusive large industrial complexes were constructed with newer modes of transportation and communication . The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine, harvesters, tractors etc. Were used to produce crops instead of manual labor. This caused large scale unemployment among rural population who migrated to cities for jobs . This excess labor who was no longer needed for the production of food was accommodated in these factories.
Industrial society made urbanization a necessity where workers can reside closer to
industrial complexes. This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a
high rate of economic activity. Many industrial cities are built around rivers as waterways facilitated
movement of raw materials and finished goods simultaneously , thus acting as catalyst to setup
industries on riverside. Industrial society is thus marked as society where large chunks of human population was displaced from their original habitats i.e villages and put into massive industrial towns. The invention and use of energy sources increased the rate and scale of production .Industrial society is marked by new types of raw material( iron ,steel etc.) and new kinds of machines (power loom) leading to increased production with less human energy along with new kind of transportation (steam ships) and communication (team-locomotive,steamship, automobiles, aeroplanes, telegraph and radio) were the central focus of the industrial society.
Post-Industrial Society - The nature of the industrial society changed dramatically from what it was inthe 13th century to what it became in the 20th century particularly after the Second world war. It has been argued by some scholars that since the 1970’s a new type of society has emerged and begun to replace the Industrial Society. This is called the Post-industrial society.
In the middle of the Post-Industrial society is the dawn of new technology in the sphere of information and communication. Industrial society main theme was energy which is replaced by technology in post industrial society. In Post-industrial society new patterns of consumption have emerged and there has been a shift from a production driven economy to a consumption driven economy. The dominant manufacturing sector(Iron & Steel ) has been replaced by a service sector. There had been a rapid growth in the service sector of the economy. This sector comprises transportation, public utilities, wholesale and retail trade,finance, insurance, real estate, government, business and personal services. Jobs and investments in service sector have more then doubled since 1970's signifying its increasing importance and shift from manufacturing towards services in economy. The concentration of workers, managers and implements at one place, so
characteristic of Industrial age society, has been replaced by a decentralization of production where
knowledge has become an extremely vital component of the economic activity. Post-industrial
society replaced society dominated by a manufacturing-based economy to a society based on the
information, innovation, finance, and services.
The economy and society undergoes a transition from the production of goods during Industrial phase to the provision of services post-industrial phase. Now, knowledge becomes a
valued form of capital where, producing ideas drives the economy. Due to automation, the value and
importance to the economy of blue-collar, unionized work, including manual labor decline, and those
of professional workers (e.g. scientists, creative-industry professionals, and IT professionals) grow in
value and prevalence.
The industrial revolution was marked by an innovation of energy. Inventions based on
steam and electricity transformed the method and scale of manufacturing. The post-industrial society
moves at a very different level here manufacturing is replaced by information and knowledge.
Q. Classical dance forms
A. Bharatnatyam is perhaps the oldest among the contemporary classical dance forms of India.
The dance was performed both as a solo dance and in groups. In the villages of Tamil Nadu
Bharatnatyam continued as part of the Bhagvata Mela tradition . Earlier it was performed only by
men, but everything changed in 1936 when Rukmani Devi performed thus starting the new tradition
and leading to revival of Bharatnatyam.
Kathak is one of the most popular dance forms of North India. It is also called the Natwari dance.
In its present from Kathak was developed and given patronage in the court of the Nawabs of Awadh.
One noticeable deviation from the original structure of Kathak during its growth in Awadh is the
emphasis on sensuous elements. Musical forms such as tappa and thumri provided the rhythmic
base for the dance. Musical instruments to be used in Kathak performances are tabla and pakhawaj .
The costume used in Kathak is sherwani, churidar pajama , a decorated cap and angarakha etc. Kathak has been promoted through three main gharanas - Lucknow, Jaipur, and Banaras. In fact the Jaipur and Banaras gharanas owe their origin to the Lucknow gharana. The kings of Kathak, Lachhu Maharaj and Shambhu Maharaj, belong to Lucknow. This gharana was founded by their grandfather Maharaj Thakur Prasad, who was a courtier and the dance teacher of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. Some of
the other important artists have been Birju Maharaj, Gopi Krishna, Sitara Devi , Damyanti
Joshi, etc.
Kathakali is the dance from the southernmost state of India - its center has been the region of Kerala and Malabar. Kathakali is derived from the two words, Katha and Kali, the literal meaning of which is dance drama. This dance form is performed exclusively by male dancers. Even female roles in the story line are performed to perfection by male artists. In support of the performance of dance, a group of singers keep continuously reciting the poems and epics. The artists who perform Kathkali do not sing the lines themselves. The actions are all executed in silence by the artists, only through the poses and postures of body and face. These dance postures are more complex than those used in Bharatnatyam. This tradition of dance-drama has been popular in the Malabar region primarily in the form of Krishna and Rama ballets. One of the peculiarities of this dance form is its costume and very elaborate makeup of the face. In this respect Kathkali has presented and also kept alive and continued
the ancient dance-dramas of Kerala .
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